At
what point do you “know” a language?
It’s a loaded question, but maybe a necessary one.
Language
Proficiency
We simply have a hard time figuring out when someone can claim a foreign language as one they speak. Linguists and language educators have known about this problem for years, which is why they have come up with the idea of language proficiency.
We simply have a hard time figuring out when someone can claim a foreign language as one they speak. Linguists and language educators have known about this problem for years, which is why they have come up with the idea of language proficiency.
The term “proficiency” implies that we’re dealing with skills,
because language ability is just that–a skill. In many ways, it’s like dancing,
playing the guitar, riding a bike, or driving a car.
When it comes to skills, there’s a spectrum of abilities.
Different language
organizations around the world have developed scales to help identify a
person’s foreign language ability. The scales might vary in the details, but
they all basically want to identify whether a person is a beginner in the
language, an expert, or somewhere in between.
In the US, an influential proficiency measure is the Interagency Language Roundtable
(ILR) scale, developed by the US
State Department. It identifies five levels of language proficiency:
Additionally, a person
in between levels might be at a 1+, 2+, 3+, or 4+ level.
- Level 1 – Elementary – Can fulfill the basic needs in a language, such as ordering meals, asking time, and asking for directions.
- Level 2 – Limited Working Proficiency – Can fulfill routine social demands, such as small talk about one’s self, one’s family, and current events.
- Level 3 – Professional Working Proficiency – Can discuss a variety of topics with ease and almost completely understand what others are saying.
- Level 4 – Full Professional Proficiency – Can participate in all manners of conversations with ease and only rarely makes grammatical mistakes.
- Level 5 – Native or Bilingual Proficiency – Can use the language the way an educated native speaker of the language would.
European countries use something called the Common European Framework of
Reference for Languages.
It’s the same idea, but the levels are broken down as:
- A1 – Breakthrough or Beginner
- A2 – Waystage or Elementary
- B1 – Threshold or Intermediate
- B2 – Vantage or Upper Intermediate
- C1 – Effective Operational Proficiency or Advanced
- C2 – Mastery or Proficiency
A few things to
notice.
First, proficiency
levels are about what you can do in the language, not what you can’t. This is a
minor, but important, distinction.
Second, C2 is the
equivalent of Level 4. Those are considered “mastery” of a foreign language,
and frankly, it is very rare to see someone achieve that level. But even at
both those levels, you’re still expected to make a few grammatical or
pronunciation mistakes.
Third, the ILR breaks down levels further into different skills:
reading, listening, speaking, and writing. You can be a Level 3 in reading and
listening and a Level 2 in speaking .The European scale scores you by your
weakest skill level, so if you’re a B1 in speaking and a C1 in reading, then
your global language skills are rated as B1. I see merits to both approaches.
Fourth, it becomes
increasingly difficult to go from one level to the next. It is somewhat
straightforward to learn enough language to order a meal at a restaurant
and ask for directions. It is exponentially more difficult to be able to make
small talk about anything.
The inverse pyramid of language proficiency.
The pyramid
illustrates that the amount of knowledge you need to go from one level to the
next grows as you go along.
What about
fluency?
So what does it mean to be fluent in a language?
“Fluent” is an imprecise term. I’ve heard people claim that you
don’t reach fluency until you’re an absolute expert. The IIR scale even uses
the terms “fluent” to describe levels 4 and 5–i.e., absolute mastery.
I think we can probably drop that down a notch, though. In my
professional opinion, you are fluent at Level 3 (or C1). And I’d even go so far
as to say that someone at Level 2+ (B2) could claim fluency.
Here’s why. Think about what the word “fluent” implies: You are
able to participate in a conversation without struggling. You understand what
the other person is saying, and you’re able to formulate an appropriate,
understandable response back.
Does this
matter?
Why are we even
talking about this? Well, for me, I find the concept of levels encouraging.
Because the fact is,
when you’re dealing with native speakers and actually trying to communicate in
their language, they’re not always going to be patient and understanding. So
it’s very easy to become discouraged.
When we’re out in the world speaking, we tend
to think of our foreign language skills as pass/fail. But the levels let us
know more precisely where our skill level is at.
we can take pride in what we’ve accomplished
while still acknowledging how far we have yet to go!!
Happy Learning!
Reference: http://www.languagesurfer.com/
Reference: http://www.languagesurfer.com/
